Parkinsons Disease Essay -- Brain Aging Diseases Papers

Parkinsons disorder (from hereon PD) is an extrapyramidal disorder characterized primarily by massive idiopathic decadency of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, resulting in greatly diminish levels of dopamine in the striatum. The diagnosis, which is essentially a clinical judgment imputable to the lack, thus far of a open diagnostic test, has historically been on the basis of the presence of at least(prenominal) two of the three main features of PD bradykinesia (or akinesia or hypokinesia), rigidity, and resting tremor. In accession to these symptoms, most PD patients also show postural disturbances, damage righting reflexes, and abnormal ocular movements. The consequence of the disease and its symptoms can be quantified by one of a hardly a(prenominal) similar dental plates, including the drive examination of the incorporated spying Scale for Parkinsons Disease, in which each of 14 motor aspects are scored from 0 to 4 and the scores totaled. The items in th is particular scale are as follows 1) savoir-faire 2) facial expression 3) tremor at rest 4) action or postural tremor of breaks 5) rigidity 6) finger taps 7) hand movements 8) rapid alternating movements of hands 9) groundwork agility 10) arising from chair 11) lastingness 12) postural stability 13) gait and 14) consistency bradykinesia or hypokinesia. In addition to the typical idiopathic PD, PD-like symptoms may be seen in a medley of other disorders, such as striatonigral degeneration (which I will intimate later), Parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam, supranuclear palsy, and occasionally Alzheimers Disease. The resting tremor usually seen in PD primarily affects the digits, hands and arms, head, and lips, and ceases during volunteer movement and sleep. This tremor characteristically has a high amplitude a... ...n Implants on Primate MPTP-Induced Parkinsonism. J Neurosurgery 72 231-244. 19. Apuzzo, M. L. J. et. al. (1990). Utilization of Unilateral and Bilateral Stereo tactically place Adrenomedullary-Striatal Autografts in Parkinsonian Humans Rationale, Techniques, and Observations. Neurosurgery 26 746-757. 20. Lieberman, A. et. al. (1989). Adrenal Medullary Transplants as a Treatment for Advanced Parkinsons Disease. Acta Neurol. Scand. 126 189-196. 21. Nakai, M. et. al. (1990). Autologous Transplantation of the Superior cervical Ganglion Into the whiz of Parkinsonian Monkeys. J. Neurosurgery 72 91-95. 22.Wolff, J. A. et. al. (1989). transplant Fibroblasts Genetically Modified to Produce levodopa in a Rat Model of Parkinsons Disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 86 9011-9014. 23.Carpenter, M. B. Core Text of Neuroanatomy (?). separate pages. Parkinsons Disease Essay -- Brain Aging Diseases PapersParkinsons Disease (from hereon PD) is an extrapyramidal disorder characterized primarily by massive idiopathic degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, resulting in greatly decreased levels of dopamine in the stri atum. The diagnosis, which is essentially a clinical judgment due to the lack, thus far of a simple diagnostic test, has historically been on the basis of the presence of at least two of the three main features of PD bradykinesia (or akinesia or hypokinesia), rigidity, and resting tremor. In addition to these symptoms, most PD patients also show postural disturbances, impaired righting reflexes, and abnormal ocular movements. The extent of the disease and its symptoms can be quantified by one of a few similar scales, including the motor examination of the Unified Rating Scale for Parkinsons Disease, in which each of 14 motor aspects are scored from 0 to 4 and the scores totaled. The items in this particular scale are as follows 1) speech 2) facial expression 3) tremor at rest 4) action or postural tremor of hands 5) rigidity 6) finger taps 7) hand movements 8) rapid alternating movements of hands 9) foot agility 10) arising from chair 11) posture 12) postural stability 13) gait and 14) body bradykinesia or hypokinesia. In addition to the typical idiopathic PD, PD-like symptoms may be seen in a variety of other disorders, such as striatonigral degeneration (which I will mention later), Parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam, supranuclear palsy, and occasionally Alzheimers Disease. The resting tremor usually seen in PD primarily affects the digits, hands and arms, head, and lips, and ceases during voluntary movement and sleep. This tremor characteristically has a high amplitude a... ...n Implants on Primate MPTP-Induced Parkinsonism. J Neurosurgery 72 231-244. 19. Apuzzo, M. L. J. et. al. (1990). Utilization of Unilateral and Bilateral Stereotactically Placed Adrenomedullary-Striatal Autografts in Parkinsonian Humans Rationale, Techniques, and Observations. Neurosurgery 26 746-757. 20. Lieberman, A. et. al. (1989). Adrenal Medullary Transplants as a Treatment for Advanced Parkinsons Disease. Acta Neurol. Scand. 126 189-196. 21. Nakai, M. et. al. (1990). Autologo us Transplantation of the Superior Cervical Ganglion Into the Brain of Parkinsonian Monkeys. J. Neurosurgery 72 91-95. 22.Wolff, J. A. et. al. (1989). Grafting Fibroblasts Genetically Modified to Produce L-Dopa in a Rat Model of Parkinsons Disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 86 9011-9014. 23.Carpenter, M. B. Core Text of Neuroanatomy (?). Scattered pages.