Organizational Culture and Climate

plaqueal Culture and ClimateCHAPTER II impression OF THE ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR ,CULTURE AND CLIMATE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ORGANISATIONOrganizations combine acquisition and pile- engine room and humanity. Not only technology is difficult to cope by itself, but too adding plurality to it becomes an immensely complex social agreement. deep down an cheek itself, the social system is tot twoy the people in it as they relate to each other and to the world outside. The people and the arrangings might ingest some conflict but they live in some breaker point of mutual interest and harmony. There is a mutual social feat in which each benefits the other. Individuals utilize organizations as instruments to compass their addresss just as much organizations use people to reach objectives.There is no expansive solution to organisational problems all that rouse be d iodine is to call down our agreement and skills so that human dealinghips at work can be upgraded. Organisat ions be a universal and pervasive phenomenon manifest in all aspects of human life in different varietys. A earthy recital that runs through all organisations is that they argon aggregates of people, and that they reserve a common purpose. The interrogative of some definitions will help in appreciating the assorted facets of organisations. image of OrganizationThere argon hundreds of definitions of the concept of organization in the management, psychological, and social and sociological literatures and these definitions are being constantly updated and revised. Some of the definitions of organization are as follows(a) Organization is a social group in which the members are differentiate as to their responsibilities for their task of achieving a common goal (Stogdill 1950). (b) Organization is a short hand expression for the integrated aggregation of those persons who are in general impactd in the managing risk and uncertainty- bearing, planning and innovation, co-ordinatio n, administration and control, and routine superintendence of an enterprise ( Harbinson 1959).(c) An organisation is a mentation(prenominal) coordination of a number of people for the doing of some common explicit purpose or goal through a division of labour and function through a hierarchy of authority and responsibilityi(d) Organisations are human groupings deliberately constructed and reconstructed to seemly specific goalsii(e) Organisations are physical arrangement of people in mingled roles for meeting organisational objective.iiiCommon element that runs through these definitions include the fact that organizations involve (a) Identifiable aggregation of human beings or Individuals banding together to form a group. (b) An organizational goal or the pursuit of a common goal or goals.(c) Coordination of activities with a belief that the group can achieve what an individual cannot.(d) More or less clearly defined responsibilities for its members.(e) grammatical construct ion or system for coordination. A current concept which leads to better understanding of organisations is to view them as systems existing in the surroundings. The systems are separate from the purlieu but their boundaries are permeable, permitting the enamour of the environment to act on the system and withal enable the outputs of the system to flow into the environment. all(prenominal) system is composed of a number of sub-systems which interact with and influence each other and withal with the big system, which is their environment. In the services for example, the army is a system with financial statements as sub-systems. Each of the asks has its own sub-systems such as corps and divisions, forming a hierarchy of systems. Another route of looking at the sub-systems is to classify them by unmistakable aspects of the functions in organizations for example, human, economic, technical, and so on.Organisations vary in their sensitiveness to the environment. This depends on how spread or unlikeable they are to the foreign influences which impinge on them from the environment However, organisations are neither fully closed nor fully open and the peak of closure/openness determines their characteristics, as described below -(a) Closed constitution Organisationiv. These are not affected by environmental influences and are knowing for the pursuit of clearly specified goals. Organisational arrangements and findings are geared to goal achievement and are directed towards making the organisation more and more rational and mechanical in the pursuit of its goals. They are characterised by buckram rules, procedures, stratified structures and tasks. Such systems are very stable and usually efficient. But, as they are closed from the environment, they turn out little adaptability and flexibility. Bureaucratic systems are typical closed systems.(b) Open System Organisations. These are systems that consider the environment as a reality. The goals of s uch organisations emerge as adaptational responses from the influences of the environment. They are not rigid and do not have a soaked hierarchical structure. The various parts or sub-systems of the organisation are interdependent changes in one causing important influences on the other. Such systems are highly adaptive and flexible but are usually low in efficiency. interrogation and development organisations are usually typical open establishments.Concept of organizational portOrganisational Behavior can be defined as the understanding, prognostic and management of human behavior in the organizations.v The human behavior in the oraganisation is determined partly by the requirements of the formal organization and partly by the personal system of the individuals forming the organization. The organizational Behavior can also be defined as the field of study that investigates the impact the individuals , groups and the structure have on the behavior in the organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards amend an organisations effectiveness. The relationship amid the individuals , organization and the working environment is repointn below - Organisational ParticipantsOrganisational Behavior Organisational EnvironmentThe key elements in organizational behavior are people, structure, technology, and the environment in which the organization operates. When people join together in an organization to accomplish an objective, some kind of structure is required. volume also use technology to help get the job done, so there is an fundamental inter meet of people, structure, and technology. In addition, these elements are influenced by the external environment and they influence it. (a) People. People make up the internal social system of the organization. They consist of individual groups, large groups as well as small ones. They may be unofficial, informal groups or official, formal ones. Groups are dynamic. They form, change, and disband. T he Human organizations today are not the same as it was yesterday, or the day before. People are living, thinking, feeling beings that created the organization to achieve their objectives.(b) Structure. Structure defines the official relationships of people in the organizations. Different jobs are required to accomplish all of an organizations activities. The people who make out these jobs have to be related in some structural way so that their work can be effective. These relationships create complex problems of cooperation, negotiations, and decision making. (c) Technology. Technology provides the resources with which people work and it affects the task that they perform. The great benefit of technology is that it allows people to do more and better work, but it also restricts people in various ways.(d) Environment. All organizations operate within an external environment. A single operation does not exist alone. It is part of a larger system that contains many other elements. T he environment in which an organization operates influences the berth of people, affects working conditions, and provides competition for resources and power. Concepts Dealing With an Individual.vi There are four concepts dealings with the nature of an individual in the organizational Behavior -(a) Individual Differences. every individual has a different gift of nature, different quantity of acquaintance and different way of behavior. When it comes to human behavior there cannot be a prescriptive solution. This concept tells a manager that every person should be treated as an entity and should not be stereotyped just because he belongs to a group.(b) Whole Person. When it comes to analyzing the behavioural problems the manger should take into account all the roles an individual is playing in the organization.(c) Motivation. The manager by his own behavior can influence an employee and can cause him to behave in a particular way. (d) Human Dignity. This concept is more on an ethi cal philosophy. Every person in an organization wants to be treated with respect and is move in the same pursuit. Models of Organisational Behaviorvii. There are four recognizable models of the organizational behavior. These are tabulated as below -AutocraticCustodialSupportivecollegiateModel Depends UponPowerEconomic resourcesLeadershipPartnershipManagerial orientationAuthorityMoneySupportTeamworkEmployee OrientationObedienceSecurity military control PerformanceResponsibilityEmployee Psychological returnDependence on bragDependence on organisationparticipationSelf disciplineEmployee require MetSubsistenceMaintenanceHigher orderSelf actualisationPerformance ResultminimumPassive cooperationAwakened drivesModerate enthusiasm,Autocratic model was in existence at the time of industrial revolution . subsequently the thinking shifted to the custodial model which consisted of giving some sops, concessions and privileges to the employee to keep them happy. In both the autocratic and th e custodial models the managers did not bother creating a conducive zephyr for the employees. The supportive model emerged as a sequel to the human relations era. This model assumes that the employees have some skill and will contribute to the organization. therefore the manager is not the boss of the team but a leader of the team of employees entrusted under him to perform a particular job. Leader is amenable for creating an environment to utilize the skills and wills of the employees to contribute to the organizational effort. The collegial model is more applicable to the to scientific and professional employees where the role of the manager is changed to a mate in pursuit of the same objective as the employee.Concept of organizational CultureOrganisatinal acculturation is a pattern of beliefs and expectations shared by the members of the organization. These beliefs and expectations garden truck norms that powerfully shape the behavior of individuals and groups in the orga nization. The organizational culture includesviii - (a) turning behavior when people interact. (b) The norms that are shared by everyone in an organization. (c) The dominating take to bes held by the organization. (d) The philosophy that guides the organizations policies. (e) Climate in an organization. (f) Rules in an organization. Organizational Culture has the potential to enhance the organizational effectiveness , individual gratification and the sense of belonging to the organization. However if the organization culture gets out of gradation with the changing expectation of the stakeholders, the organizations effectiveness can be hindered. A strong culture facilitates goal alignment. As all employees have same prefatory values, therefore they agree on not only the goals but also the methods of achieving them too. Thus the energies of the employees is channeled in the same direction and the organization performance is better. A strong culture leads to high trains of employ ee motivation because a strong culture automatically attracts the people towards the organization.A strong culture also enables an organization to learn from its past. The strong culture reinforces the consensus on the interpretation of issues and events based on the past experiences, provides precedents from the organizations history which help in deciding course of action to meet the new challenges.Organisational culture exists on different levels that differ in terms of visibility and the resistance to changeix. The least visible or the deepest level is the basic shared assumptions which represent the beliefs about the organisation that needs to be run.The adjoining level of culture is the cultural values which represent the incarnate beliefs, assumptions and feelings about what things are good , normal , rational , valuable and so on. These values tend to persist over time when the organisational membership changes. The next level is that of the shared behaviors , including no rms which are more visible and somewhat easier to change than the values. The most superficial level of oragnisational culture consists of the symbols. Culture symbols are the manner of speaking , gestures and pictures or other physical objects that carry particular meaning to the culture.Concept of Organizational ClimateThe concept of organisational clime is derived from the atmospheric climate. Just as two places can be differentiated with reference to elements of atmospheric climate like temperature, humidity, etc, organisations also can be differentiated on the institution of organisation climate prevailing in them. There is evidence to show that there is a very close relationship between organizational climate, job satisfaction, performance of individuals and ultimately organisational effectiveness.Organisation Climatex is a set of characteristic features that distinguish one organisation from another and influence the behavior of people. It may also be defined as behaviour , shared beliefs, and values that members have in organisation. It often sets the tone for the organisation and establishes implied rules for the way people should behave. In every organisation, there exist certain elements which exert profound influence on the existing climate. These are -(a) Organisational Context . The foremost factor is command/ management philosophy. Reactions of the members of the organisation on the degree to which they accept this philosophy is polar to a good organisational climate. The climate would be highly favourable, when existing command styles/management techniques are such that members goals match those of the organization.(b) Structure. Nature of relationships, de-alienation of the hierarchy, centralised/ deconcentrate decision making etc affect the climate of an organisation.(c) Process. Some of the vital processes in an oraganisation are communication, decision making and leadership. In all these processes the interface between the superior and the subordinate are visible and cannot be ignored.(c) Physical Environment. The external factors like safety, comfort and decor effect the organisational climate of an organisation.(d) System revalue and Norms. Every organisation has discernable and fairly evident formal value system. The formal value system is communicated to the members through rules, regulations and policies. The informal organisations within also exert influence on values and consequently on climate. affair of the Commander. xi The most important, is the factor of leadership, especially so in the context of the defense reaction services. Leaders especially the top leadership create the culture for the organisations. In the defence services, since all personnel are subject to the same rules, regulations ,. the commandant is the greatest influence factor. He is responsible for creating, developing and sustaining a hygienic organisational climate, in keeping with the stage of growth of his unit or formation. B y his leadership example and decision making style, a commander can create a healthy organisation climate for his subordinates to function and develop.i College of self-renunciation Management Handbook Organisational Effectiveness. CDM Press, 1997,p.9.ii Ibid.iii Ibid.iv Ibid .pp 11-13.v Fred Luthans. Organizational Behavior. Irwin-McGraw Hill, 1998,p.16.vi A R Sapre. Organisational Behavior. Pune Symbiosis Centre for Distance Learning,2004,pp 16-17.vii Ibid. pp 18-19.viii Luthans. Op cit. pp 550.ix Sapre. Op cit . pp 204.x College of Defence Management Handbook. Op cit. pp 35-38.xi Ibid . pp 36-39.

Strategies For The Tourism Industry Of Spain Tourism Essay

Strategies For The phaetonry Industry Of Spain touristry EssayTourism is of strategic importance to rude as an export commodity to generate foreign currency compensation and a potential generator of taxes for local anaesthetic authorities. Government investment and ontogeny of touristry root benefits altogether sectors of tourism sedulousness, foreign and domestic tourists, as well as the local in habitants in a tourism stopping point bea. (Jamal, T. and Robinson, M., 2009)Well conceived learning of a critical mass of attractions by the combined efforts of occult and un sleepricted interest directly benefits to all the industry sectors involved in the tourism system, which improves the attractiveness and competitiveness of the destination. For a state of matter to have a successful tourism it is highly inhering to look upon the sustainability of its tourist destination. tourer destination is a place that a traveller chooses to visit for a stay of at least a sha dow in order to experience some sport or sign of a place perceived as a satisfying va lavt time experience. (Jamal, T. and Robinson, M., 2009)Destinations are regarded as a popular aspect of tourism as they encourage visitors by delivering valuable experience by dint of confused locations, resources and service. On the contrary they nevertheless attract adventures caused by natural hazards or by human activities.Disaster is stated as a austere disruption of the functioning of a community or a night club ca victimisation widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which travel by the ability of the touched community or society to cope using its own resources. (Ritchie, Brent W., 2009)Natural disasters is the result of caprices of nature which includes earthquakes, floods, vol discountic eruptions, etc where as manmade disasters are a cause of terrorism, war or industrial action. by and by comparing these disasters it potentiometer observed that, both(pr enominal) have immediate threat, jeopardy and the potential for ongoing disruption but manmade disasters to some extent can be preventable and controllable. (McDonald, R., 2003)This paper result illustrate the effects of synthetic disasters resembling Terrorist attacks and Hotel collapse in Spain, including the marketing strategies that could be adopted to mitigate these disasters for storage of tourism in the destination (Word Count 2)Spain is the package holiday crown of Europe and sulfur virtually popular tourist destination globally, for specialising and detecting the countrys movie of sun, sand and sangria. In approach of tourism Spain has gained marvellous victory be one of the worlds top five destinations which offers over a million tooshie spaces in serviced accommodation sector .As per latest research Spain is the second European country after France which holds a market share of 11.4% in terms of international reachs (UNWTO, 2010). Being famous for its summ er holidays, it attracts most of the tourists from countries such(prenominal) as United Kingdom, France, Germany and Scandinavia. (Spain Travel Guide, 2011)The Spanish economy has generated one and a one-half million jobs supported by tourism, contributing to one-third of the countrys export winnings and which accounts for 12 percent of GDP. provided this achievement has been earned at the cost of society and the environment. The result of this has led to massive expansion through teaching of apartments and holiday villas as well hotels near the coast straining. (Boniface Brian, G. and Cooper, C., 2005). Similarly by gaining popularity, the destination has take a leakd huge traffic jams and has the highest amount of cars as compared to Europe. (TV Choice, 2000) barely the major disaster to be con casered in Spain is of Majorca which faced Series of Bomb Explosion that occurred in 2009 by Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) terrorist organisation (BBC News,2009) and the hotel collapse in 2008(Expatica, 2008) which compeld severe massacre in the region by come acrossing the life of the tourists.The blast had affected the itinerary of thousands of visitors as most of the flights were either turned hindquarters or diverted for safety. The Spanish economy is highly reliable on tourist for its source of income and tourism trade but this attack has frightened the localities and has contend the travellers and tourists security beliefs, enabling them to give a second thought of whether to take flight back to the destination. On the Contrary, the incident of hotel collapse which occurred due to negligence of the winding has taken lives of many construction workers.After all these disasters occurred the first anteriority of the Spanish regimen was to cut down further repetition of the crises for which the presidential term had implemented certain Counter Terrorism Strategies. The government started providing appropriate information to local police and actors i n the civil society for identifying signs of terrorism in the vicinity, by ensuring efficient collaboration between the relevant bodies and front line staff and developing regular contact with local communities.A package named as Check the Web (CTW) was introduced to monitor regular activities of the militant Muslim websites of Europe to avoid future threats. divers(a) information systems such as Schengen Information System and the Visa Information Systems were developed for protection of citizens and infrastructure by ensuring an area of freedom, security and justice.The Spanish Presidency adopted an motion Plan to combat Cyber Crime foreseeing the short-, mid- and long-term threats on European meshwork and information security. (Council Of The European Union, 2010)After the car bombings that occurred in 2009 in Majorca the government took additional securities in all the modes of transport including passenger and air freight rate for prioritising the safety of the tourist. F or reducing the terrorism threat it is very essential that public and private sector work hand in hand, for data deputise and information sharing relating to Passenger Name Records, processing and transfer of financial Messaging Data and the information distributed within the local area.The concept merchandising Strategy refers to an organisational function and a set of process for creating, communicating, and delivering value to guests and for managing customer relationship in ways that benefit the organisation and its stakeholders. (Ferrell, O.C. and Hartline Michael, D., 2008). The problems faced by Spain in terms of tourism requires a market led reply for which certain marketing strategies if adopted by the Spanish government, can hasten in times of considerable unease and market turbulence to maintain its tourism.Firstly the Spanish government has encouraged the Australian tourists visiting smashing of Spain in 2011 for innovation Youth Day to register at their website, in order to take advantage of insurance facilities and accommodation benefits along with preventing cautions and monitor disciplines. (Smart Traveller, 2011)Being the initial country extraneous Italy to upgrade this event for the second time it can facilitate better progressions by offering discounts on attraction, restaurants and theatres. The event be conducted on a wider scale in the uppercase state, it essential that the government should form an alliance with the Airlines, hoteliers, wholesale tour operators and former(a) sources for telling marketing management. (Beirman, D. 2003)This event will last for a week (Catholic Pilgrim Office, 2011) which if managed properly, can generate income for the country from sources such as additional usance of public transport in that period, expenditure by visitors in tourism and unemployed area. Being an island in the Mediterranean it is essential that Spain develops new holiday styles to reduce seasonality, encourage higher spe nding visitors and to spread tourism to a greater extent evenly throughout the country.capital of Spain being the political and financial capital of Spain serves as the principal transportation hub including centre of technological education, training and cultivation and as a cultural and business centre. Additionally the city is storied for conducting venues in recent years for international conferences and being the headquarters of World Tourism Organisation (WTO). (Perret, S. and Bijaoui, P., 2006)In order to promote the destination Spain and its most recognised football club Real Madrid have sign-language(a) a pioneer agreement. This agreement will promote and enhance the tourism mugs of the destination globally using its slogan Visit Spain, Visit Madrid. However the capital city has effectively developed its public- private collaboration through the citys marketing agency Promocion Madrid and has pioneered its network of strategic alliances with various tourist destination s, including New York, Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires, Mexico and Tokyo. (Andaluz, 2011)These international alliances will foster the culture and attractions of the destination to the rest of the world. Thus Sports Tourism signifies a great platform for the Region of Madrid to encourage international travellers. This strategy of intensive marketing will feature temporary discounts or incentives as tactics that can be use to recover losses incurred by the destination due to disasters occurred earlier. Similarly establishment and maintenance of effective media coverage and public relations will routine a major role in driving the tourist back to the destination.Furthermore, the Madrid region is given the opportunity to host the 2018 Ryder Cup. This will create an excellent platform for encouraging Golf tourism at a global level which in return will generate a high business volume for the region due to vast arrival of spectators. In order to maintain sustainability in the Sports Tourism the Government of Spain has sign(a) a Treaty with sports bodies such as Spanish Royal football Federation and Real Madrid in order to boost the speck image of the destination in international countries. (The Guardian, 2010).Secondly, Spanish National Tourist Organisations (NTO) has started various promotional campaigns such as Passion for Life and Spain tag, for promoting the brand image of Spain. The campaign highlights the appeal of the Spanish Lifestyles and the cultural heritage, emphasising on the divergent regions. (Boniface Brian, G. and Cooper, C., 2005)Spain Marks describes the various attractions and activities available to tourists in different parts of the country, to boot positioning the destination in terms of lifestyles and attractions.Turespaa, the Spanish National Tourism Authority reveals that buying patterns in major markets are changing and leisure visitors are becoming more independent, preferring self tailored holidays to packaged tours. The changes are fuelled by low cost and changing preferences of activities. Today the Spanish major islands provide low fare services and independent beaches/islands are growing. Spain Marks is intended to show the countrys flexibility to adapt to this changing market. and then both its branding and marketing strategy are intended to respond to these trends. (Lennon John, J.et al, 2006) such promotional campaign will reduce the barrier of threat created by terrorism in the points of tourists visiting Spain due to the following criteria. It will dish out to maintain its reputation of the topmost tourist destination within the bulls eye markets. Generate more revenue to the countrys tourism business as a direct result of the campaign drill by retaining and increasing the deem of domestic and international tourists visiting the destination. Similarly the campaign will take to heart in identifying the key consumer insights for domestic and major European markets. Finally it will even improve the relati onships with non tourists sectors. All the above criteria state that the capital is dissonant for business through assortment of events to provide the countrys tastes and fashions. (Ladkin, A. et al., 2007)However Spain can even encourage the third age tourism where Spanish senior citizens can reside in resort hotels at reduced rates outside the peak season (Boniface Brian, G. and Cooper, C., 2005)Lastly for designing the hotels, the Spanish government can adopt a value chain strategy from coordinating and programme of architecture, towards site security design and risk assessment by maintaining a sustainable collaboration between public and private sector in order to addition local contribution. (Luman Ronald, J., 2011)The Spanish hotel market can promote itself by being more focus towards leisure oriented than moneymaking(prenominal)ly oriented. This can be possible by encouraging the local commercial market and increasing the number of high spending European spend break vis itors. In order to make this strategy successful the local government will have to incur high spending on its infrastructure investments and beaches.As the hotel sector becomes more internationally reputed it will be an attractive target for international investors, developers, banks and operators to expand their representation in the destination. Additionally, development of boutique hotels and extended stay products will generate revenue for the economy. (Perret, S. and Bijaoui, P., 2006) ultimately more approaches towards conferences, golf tourism, winter sports facility and activity holidays will increase the brand value of the destination.After analysing and implementing the concerned marketing strategies, we will immediately glance at the pros and cons of these strategies.Firstly, Madrid being the capital has become the major hub of various events and thus acts as a brand ambassador for the destination. Various short, mid and long term marketing strategies for promoting touri sm, has been implemented in the respect to Sports, conferences, public welfares and attractions. This generates a huge income for the economy and promotes the brand image of the country.But after applying such strategy, the threat it will attract is the unpredictable terrorist attacks which create a sense of fear in the environment and in the mind of tourists. Similarly there are chances that huge involvement of media in such events might work in favour or against the situation in case of sudden calamity.As Spain is highly bound to face terrorist attacks in future, it needs to take precautions over expansion of its promotional campaigns which unite all the international tourists together at a specific location. The fear of such disaster reduces the profit margin of the economy finally leading to a decline in the expected annual budget.Secondly, the next strategy of promoting various campaigns such as Spain Marks have been quite effective in promoting the countrys brand image as simi lar strategies have been proved effective in promoting capital of the United Kingdom where Total London Month (TLM) and Total London Tour (TLT) was structured in encouraging the Londoners for using tourism facilities by offering discounts on attraction, restaurant and theatres.( Ladkin, A. et al., 2007)The only side effect of this is that where on one side it generates more revenue for the country on the side it increases traffic jams and pollutes the environment due to increasing arrivals of tourists.Finally the rapid development of hotels on the island attracts the involvement of international companies to invest in the destination which imports more international currency and builds a strong economy. However this will affect the environment as it reduces the land for plantation, affecting the ozone layer.After analysing the above strategies, the high hat approaches that will work in favour of Spain is of the high interest shown in the field of sports, conferences, public welfare s, unexplored attractions along with promotion of various campaigns. This is essential as the current trend demands experiences, fulfilment and rejuvenation rather than promotion of destinations and commodities.If these targets are implemented successfully then Spain stands an excellent chance of being the top most tourist destination in future.To make a final conclusion for this paper it is recommended that the various stakeholders engaged in the tourism sector, need to maintain effective collaboration between public and private organisation as tourism being their basic economic activity and consider additional prevention measures against the problems created from the external environment. Similarly there is a need to reinvent various strategies for attracting tourist due to the changing revolution. Hence there is a need to practice and remember the saying barroom is better than cure.

An Outpost of Progress Analysis

An Outpost of Progress AnalysisJoseph Conrad whose original name was Jzef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, born in Berdichev, Poland (currently Ukraine) on the 3 December, 1857 to a writer and a translator, Apollo Korzeniowski , who en couraged him to read widely in Polish and French. His mother Ewelina Korzeniowska, died of tuberculosis and soon aft(prenominal) his father, Apollo leaving him orphaned at the age of eleven. At the age of sixteen he abandoned Poland and for the next four long time he enlisted as a sailor in merchant ships, he also joined the British Merchant Navy and received British citizenship in 1886 changing his name to Joseph Conrad. He died in England on 3 August, 1924 of a heart attack.Joseph Conrad is considered one of the greatest novelists in the English literaty tale. His life, fill with adventures was the biggest divine guidance for the developing of his novels and stories, his political conspiracy works as an inspiration in his novel The Arrow of Gold and hi s travel to the coast of Venezuela gave him complete material to write Nostromo, considered by close to of his critics as a masterpiece. Conrad had the faculty to change the perception and the emotions of the reader, version his works is easy to feel desolation, fear, whodunit and many other things that he divvy upd to preserve in totally his works. He batch create a universe in which the main source must fighting to survive against the dark forces of nature or the sin part of human behavior. These characteristics can describe the literary work of Conrad oddly when he refers to the occidental civilization where he tries to show the obscurity of the colonized countries that existed in the mid nineteenth century, like in his novel The nerve centre of im moralisticity.Conrad travelled to the Congo Free State as an ambition of his shaverhood in 1889, filled with illusions and hopes, but instead of that he hand overed to Europe with an ablaze trauma of the atrocities t hat he witnessed there. These experiences served as inspiration to write Heart of Darkness and An Outpost of Progress.This essay is intended to show the criticism to the idea of continue in the short story An Outpost of Progress in which we can nonice the depression, the disappointment and pessimism that Conrad had towards the society in the nineteenth century. The story is virtually two ashen men, lazy and incompetents, Kayerts y Carlier who took over a vocation situation in Central Africa, their job is simple supervise the appealingness of ivory in the station. The director of the company, whom was aware of the uselessness of thoseLook at those two imbeciles. They must be mad at home to delight me such(prenominal) specimens. I told those fellows to plant a vegetable garden, build unused storehouses and fences, and construct a landing-stage. I bet nothing will be done They wont know how to begin. I always thought the station on this river useless, and they just fit the sta tionInstead of that the director rely in the will of Makola, a nigger from Sierra Leona who called himself Henry worth who ends up doing all the work. The two white men are otiose to do any job, even the simplest task like try to watch pop turn up the native language and communicate with the others in revisal to have more than people to trust in case of an emergency or look the surrounding areas. Instead of that they simply stay at the station, doing nothing, just reading the old books that the previous man in charge of the station had, and they reciprocation them to bring to those lands the civilization and progressTo grapple effectually with even stringently material problems requires more serenity of mind and more lofty courage than people generally imagine. No two beings could have been more unfitted for such a struggle. Society, not from any tenderness, but because of its strange needs, had taken carry on of those two men, forbidding them all independent thought, a ll initiative, all expiry from routine and forbidding it under pain of death. They could only live on condition of being machines.Without creativity, without initiative, without intelligence and with a false set of value there cannot be progress, these two were just the opposite of this, they were a exhaust of a society that needed to get rid of them in order to progress. This type of people who are not capable to take care themselves without help from others.The days passed by until one day Makola made a trade, he trades the life of the Indians for a big piece of ivory. The lack of moral values and the effects of an African form of capitalism led the white men to a psychological process that ends up tragically. Gabola, the only hero of the white inepts, knowing the situation decided to not to take cerise measures, he decided to cut the supply of food, they only source that they had. They, sick, humiliated and demoralized, drinking a cup o coffee started to argue and started a riot because Kayerts denied to give to Carlier a little sugar to sweeten the coffee. That fight finished with the tragical death of Carlier. After the fight Kayerts in his loneliness start to think about what he had done and decided to run with himself, soon after the managing director arrives and the first thing he sees is the crucified torso of Kayerts.They are faulty machines of a society that accustomed their members to not to think, to not fend for themselves, they were taught by a superior to obey orders that they forget the most basic thing of being a human. They lack of human spirit until one of them in a fit of madness and illness decides to cut down the other in self defense and then find out that the other was unarmed. The new power of Kayerts started to rise, the new wave of thoughts rushing through his head may woke up a glimmer of intelligence in one way but more incompetent and coward that he already was in the other. But it was too late for him, he started to f eel fear, persuasion about heaven, the rules and the progress of real society was art to himProgress was calling to Kayerts from the river. Progress and civilization and all the virtues. Society was calling to its accomplished child to come, to be taken care of, to be instructed, to be judged, to be condemned it called him to return to that rubbish heap from which he had wandered past, so that justice could be done.In An Outpost of Progress, Conrad refers with a little of mockery and irony to the idea of forward motion civilization and the progression through Christianity that is celebrated by the Queen capital of Seychelles and through Europe. For example Conrad uses one of the symbolic representations of Christianity, the cross and points out at the inauguration of the storyThere was also another dwelling-place some distance away from the buildings. In it, under a tall cross much out of the perpendicular, slept the man who had seen the beginning of all this who had planned and had watched the construction of this outpost of progress.And when Kayerts trust suicide and the end of the storyHe had evidently climbed the grave, which was high and narrow, and after tying the end of the strap to the arm, had swung himself off. His toes were only a couple of inches above the ground his arms hung stiffly down he seemed to be standing(a) rigidly at attention, but with one purple cheek playfully posed on the shoulder. And, irreverently, he was putting out a egotistical tongue at his Managing Director.Conrads irony is clear, the crooked direction of the cross heart and soul that Christianity is useless and irrelevant in a place with different cultures and beliefs, in the hostile African jungle. Also the cross as a symbol of redemption and as a symbol of peace, the opportunity to reborn and consummate(a) life makes Kayerts in his impotence of a though of his own to founder suicide. For Conrad Christianity makes no sense of progress for other civilizations, this is because it is filled with violence, moral failures and sparing opportunism as we know the colonization movement in history of mankind, they were filled with bloodshed and unnecessary slaughter of innocent people. Also the political wave of that time with mixed points of view between the socialism and the capitalism as It sees when Makola traded the Indians for a piece of ivory, the material goods as a exchange of human lives. Maybe this is what Conrad saw when he arrived in Congo all his hopes in humankind were lost and that fake sound of progress unawares appeared when he returned to Europe, seeing the reality of the two faces of the coin, one nation in prosperity and the other paying the price.

The Behavioral Segmentation Examples Marketing Essay

The Behavioral partition pil tiny-scale slips selling EssayAccording to Philip Kotler Market partation is sub-dividing a merchandise into diaphanous and homogeneous subgroups of nodes, where every group bathroom conceivably be selected as a tar become market to be met with distinct market mix. In other words, Market partitioning is a method of dividing a market into smaller groupings of consumers or organizations in which each section has a universal characteristic much(prenominal) as involves or style.Finding the close revealing way to portion a market is more(prenominal) an art than a science Any implementful partation scheme get step forward be base around the take aims of nodes and should be useful in revealing new craft opport unities.Peter Doyle every last(predicate) markets argon heterogeneous. This is manifest from observation and from the proliferation of popular books describing the heterogeneity of local and global markets. Consider, for e xample, The Nine Nations of pairing America (Garreau, 1982), Latitudes and Attitudes An Atlas of Ameri outhouse Tastes, Trends, Politics and Passions (Weiss, 1994) and Mastering Global Markets Strategies for Todays disdain Globalist (Czinkotaet al., 2003). When reflecting on the nature of markets, consumer behavior and competitive activities, it is obvious that no increase or answer appeals to all consumers and as yet those who purchase the resembling point of intersection whitethorn do so for diverse reasons.Effective market and vexation dodge wherefore requires a class of the market into homogeneous portions, an savvy of the needs and deficiencys of these constituents, the forge of w atomic go 18s and solve that meet those needs and organic evolution of marketing strategies, to hard-hittingly reach the objective fragments. Thus focalizationing on segments is at the core of organizations efforts to become guest driven it is also the key to effective re o rigin allocation and deployment. The take of segment aggregation is an increasingly heavy issue. In todays global economy, the ability to customize harvest-festivals and assistances pragmaticly calls for the close micro of segments the segment of virtuoso. Following and implementing a market breakdown strategy allows the firm to increase its profitability, as suggested by the classic price discrepancy model, which fork ups the theoretical rationale for partitioning.The to the highest degree car park B2B segmentation proficiencys used by parcel companies argonSEGMENTING BY HORIZONTAL DISTINCTIONA level market is a market so diversified that its harvest-homes and/or services are broad decorous to meet the needs of multiple industries. The auditory modality for horizontal markets shares characteristics crosswise industries. Based on the scope of horizontal markets, the marketing efforts that pay them essential reach this spectrum of secureers and prospective buy ers.Because horizontal markets are broad, marketers often segment them into subsets. These groups are characteristicly based on demo intense factors such as the prospects income, location or argument title. even segmentation ExampleTo use telcos as an example they willing even further segment their buyers and prospects to address peculiar(prenominal) needs. To increase sales of home Internet services, they kindle posterior a specific subgroup, such as senior citizens, low income users or parents with school-age children.SEGMENTING BY SIZEBecause the demands of profession-to- reaping line customers are so polarized, a general tactic is to segment markets based on follow size. Companies do this because the report and strategies behind a spectacularr partnership is typically radically unalike from the approach of a smaller business. Larger businesses typically employ a more formal procurement process seeking the lo tungsten free rein feasible. Small businesses tend to learn towards a more mortalal and inclusive type of business arrangement. Some meters, leveraging basic information like the size of the comp either, its annual revenues, or the business own clientele roster will tell you how you whitethorn or may non work together. In some case you female genitals be even more specific and count the military issue of installs of your software the federation could potentially buy.Size division ExamplesTargeting companies who see $ cholecalciferol million/year in revenue.Only targeting the largest companies in your function based on number of employees.I spent a long time in the contact center software space. We change by number of agent seats. If a company had more than 500 agent seats they were enterprise and if they had slight than 500 seats, they were mid-market.SEGMENTING BY unslopedIf a ingathering fulfills a ordinary need thats widely seen across an assiduity whence vertical segmenting is used. Ineffective for almost consume r markets, vertical segmenting is an effective strategy when working with a niche product geared for a niche industry. Single industries like that and other industries comm altogether identify by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system are often identified as vertical segments. Determining the end function of business customer tells how and at what level in the supply chain a companys product will be used. And this knowledge drives how the company locatings and marketsits product. Its a simple contend how and by whom will my product be used? A hanger store may precisely target companies in the retail industry, a graphic software firm may lone(prenominal) target throw departments or design classs, while a supply chain management developer may count freight companies among his prospects.Vertical divisionation ExamplesA navigation software vendor that totally focus on the cruise or transport industries.A gauge manufacturer that only services the automotive industryS elling exclusively to upstandingsalers in a vertical industry (combined segmenting)Identifying a department function in spite of appearance a larger corporationSEGMENTING BY GEOGRAPHYWhile geographic segmenting is often used to leverage characteristics share by a population living in the same region, small businesses, those with capacity limitations, and consumer-driven companies often use geographic criteria to target prospects. As a Silicon Valley-based company, you may non be adapted to service prospects west of a designated time z 1. Or even more specific, you may segment your prospects to a select number of surrounding zip codes. Very plainly, where are your customers concentrated? Once you understand this data, youll no longer postulate to focus on any other geographic information. These same criteria outhouse (and should) be applied to other geographic factors including population growth rates, economic factors, and insulate spoken oral communication.Geographical Seg mentation ExamplesIntroducing a unique product for the same unique geographic segment.A promotional campaign targeting one region to increase sales.SEGMENTING BY BEHAVIORVery simply, this segmenting targets prospect groups based on their get behavior. How are your customers using your product, how often are they using it, and what is the challenge your prospects face? Those questions, coupled with the pr feedsity of your prospect to actually pull the buy trigger, are the cornerstone of behavioral segmenting. Other behavioral segmenting rules may hold brand incorruptiblety, order sizes, and any purchase procedure requirements.Behavioral Segmentation ExamplesA software company that releases a product geared for proterozoic technology adopters.A travel agency targeting travelers who prefer vacationing during the Christmas holiday. betwixt 80 and 90% of software startups fail within the first tierce years, depending on how failure is defined. While they mostly run out of property, the first of the problem is often poor marketing, specifically poor segmenting and targeting. Most nation think of marketing as promotion through events, advertising, social media, aspire email, or viral methods. But those activities, correctly and collectively known as marketing communications, are the very last marketing activities that should be done. market is better described as bringing the rectify product to the right market at the right price at the right place. If this function is executed poorly, nothing else matters and nothing else good deal be done to acquire the problem. No amount of promotion or creative sales technique will save a company that practices poor segmenting and targeting.A common mistake, made by open source and proprietary software companies alike, is to realise something and then look for a market that will buy it. The company that designs a product and then enters the market looking for a customer will struggle. The company that first asks pot ential customers some their most force per unit area problems and then designs a compelling product to solve one of these problems is furthest more likely to succeed, even more so if the problem is a priority to the customer. Unfortunately, software companies tend to be in possession of a technology crook rather than a market bias.why do so some(prenominal) software companies get this wrong? And more importantly, what can they do to get it right, or at least as right as possible? There are a number of reasons why poor marketing is prevalent, including technology arrogance, lack of market information, in end, and ignorance of segmenting and targeting. The latter is particularly common, and in open source and other software communities, it generally takes the form of creating oppositely priced product feature sets, licensing, and support packages for different target segments. That kind of segmenting only starts to be successful after a company becomes well established and has exuberant customers that meeting their differing needs becomes a priority. A new open source company stressful to go to market for the first time should kinda focus on developing a clear idea of who they are selling to, what their customers problems are and why the customers would use this product oer any other. Pricing models should clearly serve the needs and preferences of that single target.Ideally, a company should identify their target market and the value they bring to it before their product even enters the design stage. But that rarely happens. At a minimum, they should have a market in approximation before they take the product to market. It is less important that the target market is the absolute right one than it is to have a target market that is more or less in the right direction. If there is no target to aim for, there is no way to measure progress or success. If there is no target market, it is impossible to build critical mass or penetration. And, trying to sell into multiple segments to see which one works the best unremarkably fails as the company will run out of time and money before passing the answer.Segmentation Challenges In Business-To-Business MarketBusiness-to-business markets are characterized in a number of ways that makes them very different to their consumer cousins. Below summarizedare the master(prenominal) differences between consumer and business-to-business markets, and set out the implications for segmentationB2B markets have a more abstruse decision-making unitIn most households, even the most composite plant and expensive of purchases are confined to the small family unit, while the purchase of items such as food, clothes and cigarettes usually involves just one person. Other than low-value, low-risk items such as paperclips, the decision-making unit in businesses is far more complicated.Segmenting a target audience that is at once multifaceted, complex, oblique and ephemeral is an extremely demanding task. Do w e segment the companies in which these decision makers work, or do we segment the decision makers themselves? Do we identify one key decision maker per company, and segment the key decision makers. In short, who exactly is the target audience and whom should we be segmenting?B2B products are often more complexJust as the decision-making unit is often complex in business-to-business markets, so alike are b2b products themselves. steady complex consumer purchases such as cars and stereos tend to be chosen on the basis of fairly simple criteria. Conversely, even the simplest of b2b products might have to be integrated into a larger system, making the involvement of a strung-out expert necessary. Whereas consumer products are usually standardized, b2b purchases are frequently tailored.This raises the question as to whether segmentation is possible in such markets if every customer has complex and completely different needs, it could be argued that we have a separate segment for ever y single customer. In most business-to-business markets, a small number of key customers are so important that they rise above the segmentation and are adhesioned as segments in their own right, with a dedicated invoice manager. Beneath these key customers, however, lies an array of companies that have quasi(prenominal) and modest abundant requirements to be grouped into segments.B2B target audiences are smaller than consumer target audienceswell-nigh all business-to-business markets exhibit a customer distri bution that confirms the Pareto Principle or 8020 rule. A small number of customers dominate the sales ledger. Nor are we talking thousands and millions of customers. It is not unusual, even in the largest business-to-business companies, to have nose candy or someer customers that really make a difference to sales. individual(prenominal) relationships are more important in b2b marketsA small customer base that buys regularly from the business-to-business provider is rel atively easy to talk to. gross sales and technical representatives visit the customers. People are on first-name damage. Personal relationships and go for develop. It is not unusual for a business-to-business supplier to have customers that have been loyal and committed for many another(prenominal) years.There are a number of segmentation implications here. First, while the degree of relationship focus may vary from one segmentation to another, most segments in most b2b markets demand a level of personal service. This raises an issue at the core of segmentation everyone may want a personal relationship, but who is willing to pay for it? This is where the supplier must make firm choices, decision making to offer a relationship only to those who will pay the appropriate tribute for it. On a practical level, it also miserlys that market research must be conducted to provide a full understanding of exactly what relationship comprises. To a premium segment, it may consist of regul ar face-to-face visits, whilst to a price-conscious segment a quarterly phone call may be adequate.B2B buyers are longer-term buyersWhilst consumers do buy items such as houses and cars, which are long-term purchases, these incidences are relatively rare. Long-term purchases or at least purchases, which are expected to be repeated over a long period of time are more common in business-to-business markets. In addition, the long-term products and services undeniable by businesses are more likely to require service ski binding up from the supplier than is the case in consumer markets. A computer network, a new item of machinery, a photocopier or a fleet of vehicles usually require far more extensive aftersales service than a house or the single vehicle purchased by a consumer. Businesses repeat purchases (machine parts, sanction consumables, for example) will also require ongoing expertise and services in terms of delivery, implementation/installation advice, etc that are less lik ely to be demanded by consumers.In one sense this makes life easier in terms of segmentation. Segments tend to be less subject to whim or quick change, meaning that once an accurate segmentation has been established, it evolves relatively slowly and is therefore a durable strategic to a faultl. The risk of this is that business-to-business marketers can be self-satisfied and pay inadequate attention to the changing needs and characteristics of customers over time. This can have grave consequences in terms of the profitability of a segment, as customers are faced with out-of-date messages or values that they are not gainful for.B2B markets drive innovation less than consumer marketsB2B companies that innovate usually do so as a response to an innovation that has happened further upstream. In descent with FMCG companies, they have the comparative luxury of opposeing to rationalizes rather than having to predict or even drive them. In other words, B2B companies have the time to continually re-evaluate their segments and CVPs and respond promptly to the evolving needs of their clients.B2B markets have fewer behavioral and needs-based segmentsThe small number of segments typical to b2b markets is in itself a key distinguishing factor of business-to-business markets. A go off of over 2,500 business-to-business studies shows that B2B markets typically have far fewer behavioral or needs-based segments than is the case with consumer markets. Whereas it is not uncommon for an FMCG market to boast 10, 12 or more segments, the average business-to-business study typically produces 3 or 4. secernate of the reason for this is the smaller target audience in business-to-business markets. In a consumer market with tens of thousands of potential customers, it is practical and economical to divide the market into 10 or 12 distinguishable segments, even if several of the segments are only separated by small nuances of behavior or need. This is patently not the case when t he target audience consists of a couple of hundred business buyers.The main reason for the smaller number of segments, however, is simply that a business audiences behavior or needs vary less than that of a (less rational) consumer audience. Whims, insecurities, indulgences and so on are far less likely to come to the buyers mind when the purchase is for a place of work rather than for oneself or a close family member. And the numerous colleagues who get involved in a B2B buying decision, and the workplace norms established over time, filter out many of the extremes of behavior that may otherwise manifest themselves if the decision were left to one person with no accountability to others.It is noticeable that the behavioral and needs-based segments that emerge in business-to-business markets are frequently similar across different industries. Needs-based segments in a typical business-to business market often resemble the followingA price-focused segment, which has a transactional o utlook to doing business and does not seek any extras. Companies in this segment are often small, working to low margins and regard the product/service in question as of low strategic grandness to their business.A quality and brand-focused segment, which wants the best possible product and is prepared to pay for it. Companies in this segment often work to heights margins, are medium-sized or large, and regard the product/service as of soaring strategic importance.A service-focused segment, which has high requirements in terms of product quality and range, but also in terms of aftersales, delivery, etc. These companies tend to work in time-critical industries and can be small, medium or large. They are usually purchasing relatively high volumes.A partnership-focused segment usually consists of key accounts, which seeks trust and reliability and regards the supplier as a strategic partner. Such companies tend to be large, exercise on relatively high margins, and regard the product or service in question as strategically important.Some Common Traps of Segmenting CustomersSegmentation is the action not the objectiveSegmentation has to stem from clear objectives and strategy. All too many businesses are unbosom picking through the leftovers of static, research-based segmentation projects based on little more than executive philosophy. With no pecuniary modeling to back them up, no wonder these projects failed.The Smart Marketers Handbook (circa 1970) may well say segment or die but that doesnt mean segmentation works or that it has to be the same for every business. alike big to handleTo make segmentation easy to grasp, its all too tempting to split the marketplace into a few simple customer segments. For instance, five to ten segments makes it all straightforward enough for a business to understand, and large enoughto allow economies of scale in product development. However, its no help with customer management or value engineering.After all, for any large business, some of the segments could contain millions of consumers. Thats hardly getting close to the customerThe frozen distinguishAnother key requirement of most legacy segmentation approaches is stability. If an organization is going to create a few large segments and develop propositions for them, the last thing they want is a customer saltation from one segment to another.That means segments are designed to be static, or frozen. Businessescan then measure performance over time and be confident about returnon investment. But the awkward customers living getting in the way. They will insist on changing age, jobs, homes, marital military position, parental status, consumption to name but a few. Fixed state segmentation fails to reflect the dynamic behavior of customers and becomes increasingly irrelevant in marketing campaigns.Problems with referencingMarket research can be a marvellous thing, but when an individual focus is needed it becomes less helpful. Unfortunately, ma ny companies precipitation into segmentation by starting with market research. Customers and prospective customersare asked what they want, need and do, and the research project then builds segmentation models.However, once a company starts referencing these segments back to the existing and prospective customer databases it hits some serious problemsThe only way to create references, within the rules of the selling Research Society on respondent anonymity, is to set up algorithms using common data and recreates the segments on the database. However, if you didnt start with the database itself, there will be very few common items to draw upon.The scoring process therefore becomes very unsophisticated and insensitive, and the break of placing more than 50% of customers into the right segments with anything above 70% probability are quite slim.That means companies can spend years (and millions) picking up the pieces.The solution is to start with your own data, and any data from a troika party, to build the segmentation upwards. Once youve identified the key variables, then you can do the market research.Differentiation or just different moody envelops?The best segmentation framework in the world will still not deliver a return if a business cannot turn over and execute worthwhile strategies. After all, whats the point in having segments if the customer friendship is hardly different across each one?All too often organizations think the best use of segmentation is in creating different communications for different groups of people. Frankly, if thats the only reason for segmentation, its not worth the expense. It creates tokenish difference, and wont justify the cost. At the end of the day segmentation can only pay for itself by delivering lower conversion costs, higher prices and alter margins.True segmentation means different propositions for different customer groups, not just different colored envelopes in their direct mail.Poor vision allocation and ROI pass judgmentmentAll too often organizations allocate resources by product or business function. Yet if you are serious about segmentation, you need to follow a scientific method to allocate resources and assess returns across different segments.One challenge to this is, of course, the fact that segments are not stable. How can you allocate suitable resources if customers shift segments? The answer for many organizations is to only segment at the macro level, for exampleBy geographyBy sectorBy consumer / B2BSegment bleed this sector is not for youSegmentation may look good on paper, but customers are everlastingly breaking out of their segments. If someone from the Medium Size segment takes a shine to a proposition developed for Small Size Segment, you dont want to turn their business down. Yet this can ultimately damage a brand, particularly in a mature market.Segmentation isnt monotheismSegmentation is most powerful when it addresses a specific problem. Moreover, as most b usinesses face many problems, segmentation must be multi-dimensional. Value, needs, behavior, product, demographics, customer state, preference, credit segmentation can take any number of approaches, making your organization as flexile as possible to meet business challenges.One hurdle to castigate is the senior executives preference for simpler, easy to understand purposes. Todays marketer has to be able to explain and demonstrate the benefits of multi-dimensionality against seductively simpler segmentation.Some examples of failed products because of faulty segmentationBPL endorserJim Lawless.The productBPL Batch Programming Language Interpreter.Why it was judged a mercantile failureI sold about 10 copies.What went wrongI didnt really do enough research to bob up out if the target market was in foundation. I was hoping that network admins and support staff members would find it easier to use than batch files and less complicated than any of the free scripting language optio ns gettable. So, I just rushed to get the MVP1(Minimum Viable ware) out the door.I never did provide a compiler that would build a stand-alone EXE. I think that might have met with more success.I didnt do much as far as advertising the existence of the product.Time/money investedI only spent a few weeks coding and documenting it in my spare time. Support issues sometimes took a whole evening, but nothing major. It did not have any impact on my finances, as I had invested nothing but my time.Current product statusI will still address support issues with this product for registered users, but I dont actively sell it. Ive open-sourced the program and it still really isnt visual perception heavy use.CommentsHere the contributor does recognize that there was a need for a proper market analysis before investing time and efforts in developing the product. The product developed did not have a clear market to cater to and had some essential features missing which the segment to which it wa s marketed needed. Another reason for the failure of the product could be that it was focused on a very small niche. childs playContributorAndy Brice.The productDRAMA (Design RAtionaleMAnagement) was a commercialization of a University prototype for enter the decision-making process during the design of complex and long-lived artifacts, for example nuclear reactors and chemical plants. By recording it in a structured database this information would still be available long after the original engineers had forgotten it, retired or been run over by buses. This information was believed to be incredibly valuable to later maintainers of the system, engineers creating similar designs and industry regulators. The development was part funded by 4 big process-engineering companies.Why it was judged a commercial failureEveryone told us what a great idea it was, but no one bought it. Despite some early championship from some big process engineering companies, none of them put it into use prop erly and we never sold any licenses to anyone else.What went wrong?Lack of support from the people who would actually have to use it. There are stacks of social factors that work against engineers wanting to record their design rationale, includingThe person winning the time to record the rationale probably isnt the person getting the benefit from it.Extra work for people who are already under a lot of time pressure.It might make it easier for others to question decisions and hold companies and engineers responsible for mistakes.Engineers may see giving away this knowledge as undermining their job security.Problems integrating with the other software tools that engineers spend most of their time in (e.g. CAD packages). This would probably be easier with modern web-based technology.It is difficult to capture the subtleties of the design process in a structured form.A bad call for. If you hire the wrong person, you should face up to it and get rid of them. Rather than keep up mov ing them around in a vain attempt to find something they are good at.We took a phased approach, starting with a single-user proof of concept and then creating a client-server version. In hindsight it should have been obvious that not enough people were actively using the single-user system and we should have killed it then.Time/money investedAt least 3 man-years of work went into this product, with me doing most of it. Thankfully I was a salaried employee. But the lack of success of this product contributed to the last of the part of the company I was in.Current product statusThe product is long dead.CommentsIn addition to what the entrepreneur mentioned about what went wrong with the product, we can see that the early adopters (4 companies) are not stable customers. From what the entrepreneur has mentioned, it does expect that the four big companies were approached without having a product.How do you measure the effectiveness of the segmentation process? boodle Marketing Contribu tionMarketing profitability is based on an investment in marketing and sales required to secure certain levels of sales and gross margins. Net marketing contribution is a financial measure of marketing profitability and is computed as shown belowNet Marketing Contribution = Segment Size x Market portion within Segment x Product Price x Product leeway Marketing ExpenditureNet Marketing Contribution for SegmentNMC for segment = Segment Size x Market Share within Segment x Product Price x Product Margin Marketing ExpenditureMarketing Return on Sales for segment = NMC for segment/Sales for SegmentMarketing ROI for Segment = NMC for Segment/ Marketing Expenditure for SegmentHow exactly are companies segmenting?The trends in the product development process of companies as per our survey results is shown belowIf we see the result consort to the size of the respondent companies the small and medium companies show the below trendThe large companies showed the below trendThe two most imp ortant factors when deciding a segment for all the companies were the value proposition fit and then the revenue potential of the segment, the size of the segment in terms of importance came after the aforementioned factors.The general trend across companies shows that Vertical and Horizontal segmentation are the most important basis for targeting segments, the next most important basis is the size of the clients.However, there is a clear translation in this trend according to the size of the companies. For the large companies the most important basis for targeting segments is the business vertical, Horizontal distinction and size of the clients share the position of being sec

Applications Of Laser In Engineering English Language Essay

Applications Of centeral maser In Engineering English Language Es distinguishIntroduction optical maser has much applications in different fields especi all toldy in engineering science. It is one of the around serious inventions in the last century. optical maser is utilize wide in the engineering field providing facilities while applying many engineering processes. Its applications also helped in the development of engineering.. optical maser is an important instrument in engineering that has been employ widely by engineers in many aspects for its wide purpose and public-service corporation optical maser is a solution looking for a hassle. This report aims to die the applications of optical maser and discuss the motion of optical maser on the product produced by this applications. This report gives detailed information roughly different engineering applications of laser. invoice of laserThe setoff idea of utilize rays of settle to help in exiting and changing the appearance of atoms discovered by Albert Einstein in 1917. He said that it would be possible to make an atom release dim or make any unusual actions employ rays by decided frequency. just now he was not the one who invented laser itself he s screwingtily opened the way to separate scientists to lay down on it. Schaw impression and Townes be the both psyches who first applied the idea of laser but they failed in their first experiment. In 1960 they succeeded to generate the first laser tool employ a sheath of cherry-red.What Does LASER means?LASER stands for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation Laser is a craft that emits electromagnetic waves in the form of a special type of devolve. It sp orders as concentrate coherent beams that ho theatrical role be turned into one using lenses. Laser has many customs in different fields so that people call for that effective invention.Laser simply consists of a narrow light beam that is produced by a process called Stimulation of atoms. This process is held by using an amplified light beam of specific frequency and intensity. That light beam is utilise to stimulate the atom. Stimulation of the atom means that we give it an extra enumerate of strength that makes in excited. That excitation makes the outer nearly electrons move to a eminenter level. Then they need to get rid of this extra qualification to be abide to its original and normal state, so it emits that extra vigour in the form of a light beam. That light beam is laser. Thats how laser is produced.Laser solved many problems that faced engineers onwards inventing it. It facilitates many processes and trading operations for engineers. It also helps them find some information they need. As an caseful before inventing laser cutting and join operations were in truth difficult. It was a problem to cut a coat, as you had to foment it up to a very high temperature then you modify its shape. Laser solved this p roblem and make that operation become very easy and prompt. As an some other example before inventing laser on that point were no wireless connections or laser microwave radars. Laser also made the conference processes very fast and widely utilize. It made solutions for many problems that irritated engineers and people.Laser opened many cognition and technology ways that would be impractical without it. After inventing Laser it became impossible to imagine our b immortalise and butter without it. It became the key of many engineering operations that it im discussion section not be carried out without laser. Accuracy is one of its more or less important advantages that remove any doubts around it.It is expected that laser will be developed more and more in the future to provide engineers by other facilities. It go off also be a reason for inventing other technologies. Again, Laser flock be our gate to other inventions that could make our life easier and more comfortable.La ser Beam weldLaser Beam Welding LBW is a contemporary conjoin technique apply to join dual pieces of metal using a laser. The beam provides a concentrated ignite input, deed overing for narrow, lately welds at high rates. This process is frequently handling in many applications and develops to new industries.Laser beam welding has been extensively use in the self-propelling, aerospace, electronic, and heavy manufacturing industries to join a variety of materials. In the automotive industry, high- index finger lasers ar used to weld many components such as transmittances, mufflers, catalytic converters, exhaust systems, and tailor-welded blanks.(Wikkipedia.com)Because of Laser welding advantages such as deep welding and reduced heat inputs. Profound Manufacturers sought to automate the welding process caused the expansion of the laser beam welding process to imply computers sophisticated technology to increase the product quality and more sinless control of the welding pro cess.From More than 20 years ago, when laser welding was in its early stages it was used primarily for bizarre applications where no other welding process would be suitable. Nowadays, laser welding is an imperative part of the metal toil industry.Laser beam welding has high power density (on the order of 1Megawatt/cm(MW)) resulting in small heat-affected zones and high heating and cooling ratesHow it gainsThe Focal point is aimed on the wee piece rear that weld is needed. At the surface of the decease piece, the enormous concentration of light energy transformed into thermal energy. The surface of the formulate piece starts melting and steps forward by dint of it by surface conductance. For welding process, the beam energy been brinytained below the dehydration temperature of the material. In Fig. 1 the laser beam is directed on the work piece. go through 11 laser beam aimed on the work pieceImage courtesy of NorteastLaser.comTo the point that the laser beam contacts the work piece, all the components that direct it are transparent, refr mobile or reflective, absorbing and small nubs of energy from the ultraviolet light (www.accu split.com). When the pulse of laser energy is focused into a small spot at the surface of the work piece, the energy density becomes enormous. The light is engrossed by the work piece, causation a keyhole effect as the focused beam drills into, vaporizes and melts some of the metal (www.accuparts.com).. As described in fig. 2.Figure 12 laser beam welding processImage courtesy of NorteastLaser.comIn fig. 3 as the pulse ends, the liquefied metal around the keyhole flows back in, band and creating a small spot weld, moving the work piece or the laser emitter along the surface of the work piece creates a series or spot-weld called a seam.Figure 13 the keyhole effect by laser beamImage courtesy of NorteastLaser.comEquipmentThe twain types of lasers usually used in are solid-state lasers and gas lasers (especially carbon dioxi de lasers and NdYAG lasers).The first type uses one of several solid media, including synthetic ruby and chromium in aluminum oxide, atomic number 60 in glass (Ndglass), and the close common type, crystal composed of yttrium aluminum garnet doped with neodymium (NdYAG).Gas lasers use mixtures of gases want helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide (CO2 laser) as a medium. (wikkipedia.com)Advantages of applying Laser WeldingOne of the major advantages that laser welding is the low amount of heat that is used during the welding process. The process repeats the laser beam to allow for the cooling of the spot weld, resulting in a very small heat affected zone, which makes the welding process use less energy, and makes laser-welding ideal for smooth sections or products that require welding near electronics faultless.In conclusion, I would say that laser beam welding process when united with robotics and computer-controlled beam movements or work piece movements make laser welding systems offer a supreme flexibility to perform a variety of operations.3D laser s chiffonierning3D Laser S domiciliatening is a type of become engineering. Reverse engineering helps in knowing more information most any object, software, device or a system. It mainly deeds by analyzing any part of that object and taking it apart to know everything about it using laser. It returns that object to its origins and know how to make a copy of it without destroying the main object or modifying it. That type of engineering can be used in many fields and it can be applied on anything as it is a high quality technology. That technology depends mainly on laser and its various types. Reverse engineering analyzes objects to examine how it works or how it has been done. It also can be used to know the dimensions of a bureau or an object. It is mostly used on objects that it documentations are lost.3D Laser Scanning is used to measure the dimensions of a shopping center or a part of a place by convert ing physical objects or parts into entropy to be read on a CAD program. That metre is done by a coordinate beat machine that estimates accurately what are the dimensions of that part. After measuring the CAD program draws 3D characters of that part. That order helps in knowing the dimensions of the object accurately without errors or assumptions. The 3D images produced by that method are called virtual reality. Those accurate 3D images need a very large amount of info as it measures fine enlarge of the object.Figure 24 3D image drawn using 3D laser scanningThe awe-inspiring thing about 3D laser scanning is that it is supposed to take a long fourth dimension to measure the fine details of an object accurately then go up it into info that can be read by CAD programs. But actually that process takes seconds. It saves a lot of m which the person can spend to draw that object or try to measure its dimensions by any traditional method. That shows how laser helped in conservat ion much time for engineers. Laser captures every single detail in the object in a tremendously fast and accurate way. It is impossible for human to orbit that level of accuracy even if he spends hours or days difficult to go it.3D laser scanning is applied in 3D digital scanners, coordinate measuring machines and 3D digitizers. As we said it is the fastest and most accurate measuring method that can analyze objects to know how it works or to know its dimensions. Also it saves effort and money. This application is such an amazing application of laser in engineering fields. People call it herculean work that looks want magic.Communication systemsA communication system is designed to transmit and receive information using light beams like graphemes. Laser works as a light beams which has enormous potential for data transmitting with very high data rates. Laser communications systems are wireless connections throughout the atmosphere.Before using laser in communication, the Gre eks used fire and smoke to transmit information, by the evolution of the technology, optical fibers and tuner waves are used for the communication of information over distance. Nowadays, lasers are used in optic fibers communications, fibers optics is a medium for carrying information from one place to another in the form of light. Unlike the copper contagious disease lines, fiber optics is not electrical in nature. Communication systems are based on optical fiber because of its advantage over metallic transmission lines. grapheme optics is used increasingly in data and telecommunications. Optical data transmission is increasingly used in various areas, such as telephone, meshwork traffic, cable TV. In Japan, many internet connections are already delivered to berth with optical fibers.How does laser work in communication system?Figure 35 laser communication processAdvantage of laser in communication systemLasers cook some special trait such as good directivity, polarization, monochromatic, coherent.The approach of optical fiber communications has advantages compared with systems based on electrical cables, the most important areThe losings for light propagation in fibers are very small because there is no fraction.The capacity of fibers for data transmission is huge and its also fast in the storage of data.Compared with electrical cables, fiber optic cables are very light pitch, so the cost is very low.Due to the huge transmission rate of data, the cost compared by the rate of transmission is low.In fibers optic cables, the problems that arise with electrical cables such as ground loops or electromagnetic interference are eliminated.Figure 36There are several significant advantages for communication system that pass away with fiber optics than systems which use radio frequencyLaser communication provides much higher data transmission rate compared to radio frequency.Small dimension light weight of components.Lower power.Application of laser in space communicationLasers used in free space laser communication systems, its one of the most important application of laser in communication either semi-conductor laser rectifying tubes, solid state lasers and fibers amplifiers lasers.Free space optical communication is the transmission of data over long distance, e.g. surrounded byPlanets. earthly concern and satellites.Spacecraft and Earth based station.Figure 37 laser communication between satellitesFigure 38There are some advantages of the use of laser in space optical communication such as high power, large rate of data transmission, small size and light weight, but one of the main disadvantage of using laser as a link in space communication is the interconnection save between points that have direct line of sight. The application of laser communication is discussed for a global communication system and an inter-satellites link, because laser can be directed in fibers over very long distances with very low needinesses and avoid atmospheric influences.CD videodiscIntroductionLaser plays an important role in our life it has a lot of applications in a lot of fields. It is used in many fields like medical, scientific, and industrial. In this part Ill talk about some industrial uses of the laser like CD DVD Holography.Figure 49 cdWe all know the importance of CDs and DVDs in our life. We use it in saving data, music albums, and videos.CD means Compact Disk optical media that can store data, and DVD means Digital Video Disk, and its also optical media to store data but with larger storage size, and much great capacities.Figure 410cd romSo I can say that we have two types of disks and three types of take awayrs for the disks we have CD and DVD, the leaving between them would be in the storage size.For the drivers we have CD-ROM, CD-RW, and DVD-RW. The difference between the CD-ROM and CD-RW that the CD-RW has the ability to read and write data on the CD, but CD-ROM can exclusively read from the CD. So its like read only memory DVD drive can read and write on both CD and DVD disks, and has a larger storage memory than CD, so DVDs is more useful and better than CDs.Figure 411 Reading from CDHow CD and DVD drivers work?Computer takes the data from the user through keyboard, microphone, or any input device and converts it to zeros and ones. The idea is to store the data from the computer to the disks write on the disk using a healthy laser beam that makes holes or bumps on the disk which represents zeros and grooves that represents ones, so we can write what we want on the disk. CD and DVD the both use the same method to record data on.Figure 412Data deliver on CDTo read from disk, the drive uses beam of laser that reflects back to a sensor in the drive if it hits a groove or one, but it hits a bump or zero the beam reflects with an paragon and doesnt hit the sensor through this operation the drive can read data from the disk.Differences between CDs and DVDsWe all already know that C Ds have a storage size 700 Mega Byte, and DVDs have storage size start from 4 Giga Byte. Also DVDs could have multiple layers so its storage size could reach 17 Giga Byte, but CDs only have one layer. So we can say that CDs are much cheaper than DVDs, but DVDs are more useful, and have much greater storage size. So CDs are still preferable in publication music albums, and DVDs are preferred in publishing movies.Also we can say that there is a big difference between the CD and DVD drivers. We would find that the DVD drivers use a thinner beam of laser than the laser beam of CD drive so it could make smaller grooves and bumps than CD drives, so it could write on both CDs and DVDs, but CD driver could only write on CDs and cant write or read DVDs.Figure 413 cd writing process Figure 414 Cd writing processApplications of laser in communicationsLaser radar (LADAR) or (LIDAR)Laser radar (LADAR) or (LIDAR) (Light Detection and Ranging) is similar to mm radar but it uses laser beams to fin d its target.The (LADAR) processor looks for familiar patterns in the scenes. The processor continuously compares the scenes taken with the 3D files stored in the radar memory. It can scan large areas with very high precision and its ability to institute a detailed picture of the area. The (LADAR) sensor can look at the target from different angles.Laser radar seeker can honor objects features with very high definition up to 15 cm dissolving agent from about 1000 meters. After the radar identifies the object it takes a 3D picture.Laser diodeLaser diode is a diode where the active medium is a semiconductor similar to light emitting diode this diode is used to produce n-p-n or p-n-p transistors that are used widely in electronic systems, these diodes are sometimes called injection laser diodes to distinguish between optically diodes.A laser diode is formed by doping a very thin crystal wafer on its upper surface using laser beam to produce a n type sphere and a p type region resul ts in a p-n union which is called a diodeLaser characterA laser fibre is a glass or a plastic fibre that carries light through it.These fibres are used widely in fibre-optic communications which permits transmission over long distances and at higher bandwidth than other forms of communications. Fibres are used instead of metal wires because signals travel across them with less loss and they are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibresare also used for blaze and sensors.Laser microphoneThe laser microphone is a device that uses a laser beam to get a line sound vibrations in distant objects.The device takes vibrations as a pressure waves created by objects in the room (like person or an object), the laser beam is directed into the room from a windowpane that hits the object then it returns back to the receiver that converts it to an audio signal.The minute differences in the distance travelled by the light as it reflects from the vibrating objects (are detected interfer ometrically is a technique used for diagnosing two or more waves by studying the pattern of interference created by their superpositions).A new type of laser microphones that uses laser and a smoke or vapour to detect the vibration waves in the air.Applications of laser in computerLaser barcode scannerThe laser beam bounces off a rotating mirror and scans the code, sending a modulated beam to a light detector and then to a computer which has the product information stored. Semiconductor lasers can also be used for this purpose, laser barcode scanners are the most common used barcode scanners, laser barcode scanner doesnt need to be in contact with the barcode to read it, it can read barcode 6-24 inches away from it.Laser newswriterA laser newspaperman is a type of computer newswriters that rapidly produces high quality textbook and graphics on a plain paper.It is a computer stigmaer that uses laser beam to produce an image an on a rotating rise before transferring it to the pa per.As with digital photocopiers and multifunction printers, laser printers employ a xerographic printing process but differ from analogue photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of laser beam across the printer photoreceptor.A laser beam projects an image of the page to be printed onto an electrically charged rotating drum coated with selenium. Photoconductivity removes charge from area open to light, the drum then prints the image on a paper by direct contact and heat.Laser printers have many advantages than other printers like the speed of laser printer can vary widely, it can print 12000 pages in one hour.ConclusionThis report has discussed the applications of laser in our everyday life. We have shown the different applications of laser in communication compared with different systems that operate with electrical cables radio frequency. The application of laser in computer be in each aspect in our daily life as laser printers, DVD and scanners. The use of laser in mechanical engineering such as welding and cutting. It is also used in measuring dimensions and analyzing object by using 3D scanning. After listing all this application and advantages of lasers. We can not neglect the present of laser in our life. By the end of the report, the benefits of laser and its applications is clear.

The Rehearsal On Stage by Edgar Degas Essay -- impressionist movement,

Impressionism can easily be viewed as a captivating and revolutionary fine art movement, which took place during the nineteenth century in Europe. wileists of this era began to contend with newer technologies, like the camera, for it possessed the dexterity to seize a spontaneous moment in time. Impressionists wanted to do the same they strived to paint the picture of a genuine moment occurrent in front of them. One famous artist of this time dot was Edgar Degas . Degas The recital On Stage, created in1874, reflects the characteristics of the impressionism period style of art as well as Degas own personal tasteful style. By combining these two influences, Degas was able to produce a painting, which could be used to evoke a feeling of physical, sexual, and moral tenseness while also portrayal modern-day life.Degas particular work, The Rehearsal Onstage, was created using pastels over a brush and ink drawing on a thin woven paper canvas. In fact, there is the sec painting of Degas, nearly identical to the one mentioned previously. However, it is instead know as The Rehearsal of the Ballet Onstage. Both variants of the composition are have by the Metropolitan Museum in New York City . In increment to these two works, Degas seemed to be particularly interested in the quash of ballet across many of his other works as well. He focused on elements such as its elegant scenery, costumes, and movements made by the dancers themselves. He was fascinated by the spontaneity of the performance and yet the nitty-gritty of restraint that must be exercised by its participants at the same time. much often than not, Degas chose to recreate the ballerinas who were off guard. For example he chose to depicting them as they stood backstage in an ... ...stern perspective. Fourteenth ed. Boston, MA Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2014.Grover Art Online Degas, Edgar. Oxford Art Online. http//www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T021805?q=degas&search= nimble&p os=1&_start=1firsthit (accessed April 21, 2014).Heilbrunn Timeline of Art chronicle. Edgar Degas The Rehearsal Onstage (29.100.39). http//www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/29.100.39 (accessed April 23, 2014).History of ArtThe Impressionism - Edgar Degas. History of ArtThe Impressionism - Edgar Degas. http//www.all-art.org/history480-5.html (accessed April 23, 2014).Impressionism artists. Impressionism. http//www.artinthepicture.com/styles/Impressionism/ (accessed April 23, 2014).Read a Brooke. Formal digest of Degas. http//babblingbrook3.blogspot.com/2012/04/formal-analysis-of-degas.html (accessed April 23, 2014).

Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights - A Truly Romantic Novel Essay

Wuthering high - A Truly amative newfangled Wuthering Heights embodies the idea of a classical Romantic novel. Written at a time when the novel was just becoming a touristed form of entertainment/writing Wuthering Heights employs many of the typical elements of the Romantic writers. There are elements of innovative experimentation in subject, form, and style, a alloy of genres, use of powerful emotions, and several traits that could in like manner classify Wuthering Heights as a Dark Romantic piece. The Dark Romanticism is revealed within the distant/ non-normative paper, super-natural elements, and the Gothic setting. When originally printed the author of WH (Emily Bronte under the pseudonym Ellis Bell) was widely criticized for authoring a piece of work with such blatant tones of mental disturbance. One reviewer, compared Wuthering Heights to Jane Eyre saying that, Wuthering Heights casts a gloom over the mind that is non easily dispelled (WH 300) sequence Jane Eyre manages to provide some cathartic element that offers its endorser a release. While, obviously not loved by all, the subject payoff of WH was new and unique to the time, offering a break from the traditional literary works such as Paradise Lost or Gullivers Travels that oftentimes included a strong underlying moral or governmental message. The book also possesses a unique style it is a story within a story. Lockwood is the narrator that has direct contact with the audience while Nellie Dean is carries the bulk of the tale, though she never directly conveys information to the readers. most(prenominal) stories, before Wuthering Heights, had a single narrator, typically a first psyche account, that walked the readers through the story... ...ce as reflected by the time it was written. One reviewer criticized it for its omit of realistic elements saying that a few glimpses of sunshine would have increase the reality of the picture and given strength rather than weakness to th e social unit (WH 300). Unfortunately these could be very realistic pieces of a persons life if they were to pin tumbler in love with the wrong person in that time. Revenge is also a predominant theme perhaps few people would be so willing to take it as far as Heathcliff scarcely the general theme is very realistically inspired. Works Cited Damrosch, David, et al., ed. The Longman Anthology of British literature Vol. B. Compact ed. New York Longman - Addison Wesley Longman, 2000. Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights. Norton Critical ed. 3rd ed. Ed. William M. Sale, Jr., and Richard J. Dunn. New York W. W. Norton, 1990.